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Candida dubliniensis
''Candida dubliniensis'' is a fungal opportunistic pathogen originally isolated from AIDS patients. It is also occasionally isolated from immunocompetent individuals. It is a dimorphic yeast of the genus ''Candida'', very closely related to ''Candida albicans'' but forming a distinct phylogenetic cluster in DNA fingerprinting. It is most commonly isolated from oral cavities, and is also occasionally found in other anatomical sites.
==Prevalence and epidemiology==
''Candida dubliniensis'' is cosmopolitan (found around the world), and has been described as a separate species in 1995. Retrospective studies have shown that previously it had been commonly identified as ''Candida albicans'', with which ''C. dubliniensis'' is closely related and shares a number of characteristics.
One test for distinguishing ''C. dubliniensis'' from ''C. albicans'', is laboratory culture of the organism at 42 °C. Most ''C. albicans'' strains grow at this temperature, whereas most ''C. dubliniensis'' isolates do not.〔 There are also significant differences in the conditions that lead to the formation of chlamydospores between ''C. albicans'' and ''C. dubliniensis'', although they are otherwise phenotypically very similar.〔
A European study of 2,589 isolates, that had originally been identified as ''C. albicans'', revealed that 52 of them (2.0%) were ''C. dubliniensis''. Most of these isolates were from oral or faecal specimens from HIV-positive patients, though one vaginal and two oral isolates were from healthy individuals. Another study in the United States surveyed 1,251 yeasts previously identified as ''C. albicans'', and identified 15 isolates (1.2%) as ''C. dubliniensis''. Most of these isolates were from immunocompromised individuals, such as AIDS, chemotherapy, or organ transplant patients. The majority of ''C. dubliniensis'' strains were recovered from respiratory, urine and stool specimens. The Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center also conducted several studies, both retrospective and prospective. In 974 germ-tube positive yeasts, 22 isolates (2.3%) from 16 patients were ''C. dubliniesis''. All individuals were immunologically compromised with either malignancy or AIDS, and the isolates came from a variety of different sites. ''C. dubliniensis'' was also isolated from the mouths of 18% of patients with diabetes and who use insulin.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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